Bitter electromagnets
Main article: Bitter electromagnet A Bitter electromagnet or Bitter solenoid is a type of electromagnet made of circular metal plates and insulating spacers stacked in a helical configuration, rather than coils of wire. This design was invented and built in 1933 by American physicist Francis Bitter. In his honor the plates are known as Bitter platesSince both iron-core and superconducting electromagnets have limits to the field they can produce, the highest manmade magnetic fields have been generated by air-core nonsuperconducting electromagnets of a design invented by Francis Bitter Francis Bitter was an American physicist in 1933, called Bitter electromagnets A Bitter electromagnet or Bitter solenoid is a type of electromagnet made of circular metal plates and insulating spacers stacked in a helical configuration, rather than coils of wire. This design was invented and built in 1933 by American physicist Francis Bitter. In his honor the plates are known as Bitter plates.[13] These consist of a solenoid A solenoid is a three-dimensional coil. In physics, the term solenoid refers to a loop of wire, often wrapped around a metallic core, which produces a magnetic field when an electric current is passed through it. Solenoids are important because they can create controlled magnetic fields and can be used as electromagnets. The term solenoid refers made of a stack of conducting disks, arranged so that the current moves in a helical path through them. This design has the mechanical strength to withstand the extreme Lorentz forces In physics, the Lorentz force is the force on a point charge due to electromagnetic fields. It is given by the following equation in terms of the electric and magnetic fields: of the field, which increase with B2. The disks are pierced with holes through which cooling water passes to carry away the heat caused by the high current. The highest continuous field achieved with a resistive magnet is currently (2008) 35 T.[12] The highest continuous magnetic field, 45 T,[13] was achieved with a hybrid device consisting of a Bitter magnet inside a superconducting magnet.
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